A considerable number of civilian and military firefighters have been experiencing respiratory issues due to prolonged exposure to AFFF or Aqueous Film Forming Foam. This fire suppressant is used to extinguish liquid fires ignited by flammable liquids.
AFFF firefighting foam contains PFAS chemicals or (per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances) that are known to have detrimental impacts on the human body. Apart from kidney cancer, testicular cancer, and thyroid disease, the toxic chemical also causes breathing problems.
According to TorHoerman Law, difficulty in breathing properly is a proven side-effect of AFFF exposure. Inhaling the AFFF foam can irritate the respiratory system, leading to shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing.
In this article, we aim to dissect how firefighting foam affects the respiratory system of firefighters, preventive measures to tackle PFAS exposure, and more.
Components of Film Forming Foam AFFF
AFFF is available in 1%, 3%, or 6% concentrate, depending on its mixture ratio with water. The man-made foam consists of the following primary components:
- Hydrocarbon surfactants
- Small amounts of salt
- Solvents
- Fluorochemical surfactants
- Foam stabilizers
The composition of the foam helps create a film over the surface of the burning liquid and cuts off oxygen. This extinguishes the fire faster.
Breathing Problems in Firefighters due to AFFF
Let’s take a look at how some of the major AFFF components contribute to potential breathing issues among firefighters:
PFAS (Forever Chemicals)
The toxic chemical is resistant to degradation. Prolonged exposure to it not only causes respiratory tract irritation but can also lead to shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, or chest tightness.
Solvents and Stabilizers
Stabilizers and organic solvents present in AFFF are harmful and may lead to negative effects on human health, including respiratory irritation.
Surfactants
The surfactants (hydrocarbon and perfluorinated) can be responsible for causing lung inflammation.
Aerosolized Particles
While using AFFF, fine aerosolized particles are usually generated. Firefighters with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are particularly affected and it may worsen their condition.
Firefighters and AFFF Exposure
Lab studies have proven that the vapors in the foam if inhaled in small amounts don’t pose a threat to humans. However, occupational exposure to these toxic substances for long durations can have detrimental effects on the quality of life of firefighters and their overall health. It can also lead to asthma and pulmonary disorders.
For instance, a study was conducted on the workers of 3M and Dupont, major manufacturers of AFFF. The research revealed that they possess higher blood levels of PFCs and PFOA than the general population.
According to the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), exposure to AFFF can lead to asthma, among other issues like liver cancer, fertility problems, thyroid, kidney cancer, and cholesterol.
Steps to Minimize AFFF-Related Health Risks
Use Masks and Protective Gear
Firefighters should use respiratory protection like self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or other masks like N95 during the application of AFFF, so that they can avoid inhaling aerosolized particles.
They should also gloves, boots, and coveralls to reduce the chances of the toxic substances coming in contact with their skin.
Better Ventilation
It may not be feasible each time, but firefighters should try to carry out AFFF operations in areas that have improved ventilation. Exhaust systems or fans can also be used.
Training Programs
To ensure firefighters can minimize their exposure to AFFF, training programs should be mandatory. As part of these, they should be educated about appropriate handling and disposal of the foam, along with training related to safety protocols.
Regular Medical Checkups
By making it compulsory for firefighters to undergo medical check ups regularly, the chances of their health worsening can be limited. Early identification of fatal diseases can be kept in check, especially for those who are regularly exposed to AFFF-contaminated areas.
Criteria to Qualify for the AFFF Firefighting Foam Lawsuit
Firefighters can file an AFFF foam lawsuit if they meet the following criteria:
Occupational Exposure
- The firefighter should have had significant or regular occupational exposure to the firefighting foam.
- A former or current firefighter/military member/airport worker should have regularly used aqueous film forming foam.
Cancer Diagnosis
If the firefighter has been diagnosed with any of the following types of cancer:
- Prostate cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Testicular cancer
- Kidney cancer
- Breast cancer
- Bladder cancer
- Ovarian cancer
- Liver cancer
- Lymphoma
- Thyroid cancer
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is the AFFF firefighting foam still used?
Yes. The toxic AFFF foam is still in use across various airports in the United States, despite a considerable number of firefighting foam lawsuits filed to date. However, the Department of Defense is trying to find better alternatives that are PFAS-free.
Is it affordable to hire a firefighting foam attorney?
AFFF lawyers work on a contingency basis. This way, you don’t need to pay any upfront fees, making it affordable.
How much compensation can I get from a firefighting foam settlement?
Every AFFF lawsuit is different. The settlements vary according to different factors. Some prominent ones are:
- Severity of the AFFF caused cancer or any other disease.
- Level of AFFF exposure.
- Current and future medical expenses.
- Wages lost due to the illness.
Firefighters are already at an increased risk of lung diseases. Amidst this, constant exposure to toxic firefighting foam only adds to their woes. Although the AFFF firefighting foam plays a vital role in putting out highly inflammable fires, states all across the United States are banning its use. The U.S. Military has declared that it plans to halt using the firefighting foam in October 2024.
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